Common Health Issues in Hedgehogs
African Pygmy Hedgehogs are unique pets with a specific set of health concerns that potential and current owners must understand. They are unfortunately prone to several serious neurological and cancerous conditions. A close relationship with a veterinarian experienced in hedgehog care is essential for managing their health.
1. Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome (WHS)
Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome is a progressive, degenerative neurological disease that is, sadly, common in African Pygmy Hedgehogs. The exact cause is unknown but is believed to be genetic. It causes progressive paralysis, typically starting with the hind legs.
- Signs: The first sign is usually a slight wobble or instability in the hind legs. This progresses over weeks or months to an inability to stand, and eventually, complete paralysis [1].
- Management: There is no cure for WHS. Diagnosis is made by ruling out all other causes of the symptoms. Supportive care, such as hand-feeding and ensuring the hedgehog can reach its food and water, can maintain quality of life for a time, but the disease is ultimately fatal.
- More Info: Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome
2. Cancer
Hedgehogs have a very high incidence of cancer. Tumors can develop almost anywhere in the body, with squamous cell carcinoma of the jaw being particularly common.
- Signs: Signs are highly variable depending on the location of the tumor. They can include visible lumps, weight loss, lethargy, difficulty eating, or a swollen jaw.
- Management: Any suspected tumor should be evaluated by a vet. Surgical removal may be an option for some tumors. The prognosis is often poor, but early detection can provide more options.
3. Dental Disease
Dental issues like gingivitis, tartar buildup, and tooth root abscesses are very common in hedgehogs.
- Signs: Decreased appetite, dropping food, facial swelling, or bad breath.
- Prevention: While challenging, feeding a high-quality, crunchy kibble can help. Some owners attempt to brush their hedgehog’s teeth with a finger brush. Regular oral exams by a veterinarian are the best way to catch problems early. Professional dental cleanings under anesthesia may be required.
- More Info: Dental Health in Hedgehogs
4. Obesity
Pet hedgehogs are prone to obesity due to their love of food and sometimes insufficient opportunities for exercise. Obesity puts stress on their joints and internal organs.
- Signs: A hedgehog that cannot fully roll into a tight ball may be overweight.
- Prevention: Feed a measured amount of a high-quality, hedgehog-specific or low-fat cat food. Limit high-fat treats like mealworms. Provide a large, solid-surface wheel and ample time outside the cage for exercise.
5. Parasites (Mites)
Mites are a very common external parasite in hedgehogs. They burrow into the skin, causing intense itching and quill loss.
- Signs: Excessive scratching, quill loss (especially on the back), and crusty deposits around the eyes, ears, and base of the quills.
- Treatment: A veterinarian can diagnose mites via a skin scrape and will prescribe an appropriate anti-parasitic medication. It is crucial to treat mites as they cause significant discomfort.
- More Info: Parasites in Hedgehogs
Given their propensity for serious illness, any change in a hedgehog's behavior, appetite, or mobility should be taken seriously and prompt a call to an experienced exotics veterinarian.
References
[1] VCA Animal Hospitals. (n.d.). Hedgehogs - Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome. Retrieved from https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/hedgehogs-wobbly-hedgehog-syndrome
[2] Merck Veterinary Manual. (n.d.). Disorders and Diseases of Hedgehogs. Retrieved from https://www.merckvetmanual.com/all-other-pets/hedgehogs/disorders-and-diseases-of-hedgehogs